GABA, DOPAMINE AND OPIOIDERGIC MECHANISMS OF NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS DETERMINING PLACE PREFERENCE
Roik R.O., Lebedev A.A., Shumilov E.G., Botkin E.A., Shabanov P.D.
UDC: 612.825.2:615.781:615.783.1:615.785/.786
Abstract: The purpose of the investigation was to clear up the significance of dopamine, GABA, opioids and sodium influx ionic currents of the nucleus accumbens neurons for the reinforcing effects of a number of psychotropic drugs (opiates, opioids, psychostimulants) on conditioned place preference (CPP) in experimental rats. The microcannules were implanted into the nucleus accumbens (the extended amygdala system) of the Wistar male rats to inject the drugs studied (1 μg in 1 μl in volume for each injection). The rats were trained CPP of one of narcogenics during 8 days. Such drugs as lidocain, a blocker of sodium influx ionic currents, antagonists of GABA receptors bicuculline, D dopamine receptors SCH23390, D dopamine receptors sulpiride and opioid receptors naloxone, administered intrastructurally into the nucleus accumbens, were used for pharmacological analysis. The majority of the blockers studied decreased or abolished the reinforcing effects of amphetamine. Activation of reinforcement by means of fentanyl was reversed with bicuculline, lidocain and naloxone but did not change with dopamine antagonists (SCH23390 and sulpiride). None of the blockers studied affect the CPP of sodium ethaminal excluding bicuculline which reduced it. Finally, the leu-enkephaline effects were reversed with naloxone and SCH23390, but strengthened with bicuculline. Sulpiride and lidocain did not affect CPP of leu-enkephaline. Therefore, the different mechanisms (GABA-, dopamine- and opioidergic) controlling the positive conditioned reinforcement are located in the nucleus accumbens.
Key words: прилежащее ядро, ГАМК, дофамин, опиоиды, условное предпочтение места наркогены, nucleus accumbens, GABA, dopamine, opioids, conditioned place preference, narcogenics
INDUCED POTENTIALS OF THE BRAIN CORTEX IN ACUTE HYPOXIA AND AFTER ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL CORRECTION
Sosin D.V., Yevseyev A.V., Yevseyeva M.A., Pravdivtsev V.A.
UDC: 615.015+616-001.8
Abstract: The influence of selenium-containing metal-complex substance pQ1983 on somatosensory cortex bioelectrical activity has been studied on experimental cats (n=22) during the development of acute hypoxia. Acute hypoxia was induced by making of loop including an animal, an apparatus for artificial lung ventilation, and a reservoir for respiration with the volume of 5 liters. The induced activities of neurons were provoked by direct electrical current irritations applied to the radial nerve of the right upper extremity. Two needle-shaped electrodes were used for potentials registration. 100 mg/kg of the substance pQ1983 was introduced in the stomach 180 min before the experiment. Also at any stage of the experiments ECG was registered. Contents of oxygen and carbon dioxide were determined by the method of gas analysis in air enabled for respiration. It has been established that the substance pQ1983 taken internally increases the cortex functional activity period more than triple in acute hypoxia, stabilizes myocardial electrical activity, and helps animals to sustain the action of critical oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Finally, the substance pQ1983 may be related to the high effectively antihypoxants because it significantly rises the resistance of animals with high CNS organization level (cats) to acute hypoxia even after introduction per os.
Key words: острая гипоксия, соматосенсорная кора, вызванные потенциалы, антигипоксанты, кошки, acute hypoxia, somatosensory cortex, induced potentials, antihypoxants, cats
EFFECT OF SUBSTANCE ΠQ1983 ON THE ISOLATED HEART OF A FROG
Sosin D.V., Yevseyev A.V., Pravdivtsev V.A., Yevseyeva M.A.
UDC: 612.172:615.711+597.82-08
Abstract: The dynamicS of isolated nonfixed heart bioimpedance changing has been studied in experiments on frogs (Rana temporaria, n=20) after stimulation by adrenaline and application of the new antihypoxic metal-complex substance πQ1983 just on the myocardium. The curve of the heart bioimpedance changing (impedancecardiogram) was registered in vitro by the computer reographic apparatus “Reospectr” (Neurosoft, Russia). Simultaneously ECG was registered either. After placing the heart in the condition of the experiment and after placement of all electrodes the stimulation by adrenaline was performed by dropping 0.1% adrenaline hydrochloride solution on the myocardium (control group). On the hearts of the experimental group the substance πQ1983 solution 15 min before stimulation by adrenaline were applied (experimental group). It has been established that substance πQ1983 increases the resistance of the myocardium of a frog to stimulation by adrenaline in vitro making its mechanical and electrical work longer more than twice. The obtained data confirm the presence of a slight direct cardiodepressive effect of the substance πQ1983 that supplements the conception of different mechanisms of its antihypoxic impact.
Key words: биоимпеданс, изолированное сердце, гипоксия, антигипоксант, лягушки, bioimpedance, isolated heart, hypoxia, antihypoxant, frogs
INCREASE OF CARBAPENEM-NON-SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CARBAPENEMASE PRODUCTION RATE IN NOSOCOMIAL ACINETOBACTER SPP. IN RUSSIA IN 2002-2012
Martinovich A.A., Edelstein M.V.
UDC: 616-093/-098
Abstract: The aim of the study was to establish the common trends in antibiotic resistance rate in nosocomial Acinetobacter spp. from multi-speciality hospitals, obtained in 2002-2004, 2006-2008 and 2011-2012, with the detection of carbapenem-resistance mechanisms. The study on in vitro activity of meropenem and imipenem and carbapenemase production rate in 1049 nosocomial Acinetobacter spp. strains obtained in 2002-2012 period from various Russian cities was performed. The rapid increase in carbapenem-non-susceptibility (91.3% for imipenem and 51.9% for meropenem) of nosocomial Acinetobacter spp. in 2011-2012 and dramatic increase of OXA-24/40-like carbapenemases production (38% of nosocomial A. baumannii ) were found.
Key words: Acinetobacter, карбапенемы, резистентность, карбапенемазы, Acinetobacter, carbapenems, resistance, carbapenemases
EFFECT OF LOW-INTENSIVE LASER IRRADIATION ON BRAIN ENERGY CONDITION OF SPORTSMEN AND THEIR FORCE-VELOCITY MUSCLE CONTRACTION COMPONENTS
Brook T.M., Kosorigina K.Yu., Pravdivtsev V.A., Evseyev A.V.
UDC: 616.127-005.0-08
Abstract: The aim of investigation is to study the effect of low-intensive laser irradiation on brain energy condition and force-velocity muscle contraction components of sportsmen. The experiments were performed on 38 sportsmen-bicyclists 19-25 years old. During 7 days the region of cubital vein was irradiated by apparatus “Sport-12” with frequency 1 500 Hz. Energy brain condition has been estimated by neurocartography method with direct current potential level registration from the frontal, parietal, occipital, and both temporal zones of the brain cortex. The force-velocity resistance of sportsmen has been defined in two 6-second, 15- second, and 45-second tests. Anaerobic workability parameters were studied simultaneously with automatic apparatus including mechanical bicycle ergometer. The measuring was performed in 30 min, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after the course of irradiation. It was established that the action of laser on sportsmen organism with frequency 1 500 Hz provided the rise of direct current potential level mainly in the frontal and parietal zones of the brain cortex that confirms an increase of energy metabolism in these areas. The irradiation effect was expressed by the enhancement of absolute and relative parameters of velocity and force components of muscle contraction and by acceleration of power increasing process. The most significant effect was observed in 1 day after irradiation. Following the results of investigation a hypothesis was offered according to which following low-intensive laser irradiation a possibility of a steady subdominant complex forming in the structures responsible for the central maintenance of any motility in the conditions of competition increases sportsmen probability to be on higher level of readiness.
Key words: головной мозг, низкоинтенсивное лазерное излучение, уровень постоянных потенциалов, анаэробная работоспособность, brain, low-intensive laser irradiation, direct current potential level, anaerobic workability
ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL ATP-DEPENDENT POTASSIUM CHANNEL AND ITS MODULATORS IN CELL ADAPTATION TO HYPOXIA
Novikov V.E., Levchenkova O.S., Pozhilova E.V.
UDC: 615.015:616-001.8
Abstract: This review is devoted to the analysis of current research about the role of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel (mitoК) in the regulation of metabolic processes of the cell. The mechanisms of cell adaptation to hypoxia and ischemia involving mitoК is considered in the article. The opportunity of pharmacological modulation of mitoК activity to stimulate processes of cell adaptation to damaging factors is discussed. This approach seems promising for the development of effective pharmacotherapy of diseases which have in their pathogenesis the state of hypoxia and ischemia.
Key words: митохондриальный АТФ-зависимый калиевый канал (митоК ), гипоксия, ишемия, mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel (mitoК), hypoxia, ischemia
FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE AS A CRITERION FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DISORDER - IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE AND DIABETES
Pereverzev V.A., Welcome M.O., Mastorakis N.E., Pereverzeva E.V.
UDC: 612.015.32:616.379-008.64
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the need to consider human functional state when determining the level of glucose in capillary blood glucose (in relative functional rest, after the night rest on fasting and during active mental activity) in the diagnosis of carbohydrate metabolism disorders to avoid overdiagnosis of "impaired fasting glucose" and "diabetes." The study was conducted with the participation of 27 males aged 20-29 years. Determination of glucose in capillary whole blood was carried out 7 times in each participant. The first four measurements of blood glucose were conducted in the participants on an empty stomach approximately 10-16 hours after meals. On the first (initial) measurement of glycemia, volunteers were in a state of functional rest after the night rest. In the dynamics of mental work, fasting blood glucose measurements were conducted three times, after 2, 4, and 6 hours from the beginning of the study. After 30 min. following the 4 glycemic measurement, glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted. During GTT, blood glucose level was measured three times, precisely after 30, 60 and 120 min. following oral intake of water (200 mL) and glucose solution (in an amount of 75 g) for each participant. The measurement was carried out using a glucose monitoring system “Rightest GM100” (company “Bionime”, Switzerland) with an accuracy of up to 0.1 mmol/L. Blood in quantity of 1-3 ml was taken from each participant for analysis. The time spent on each participant in the study was 9 hours. Analysis of the results showed that the number of identified "impaired fasting glucose" or even "diabetes" essentially depends on the functional state of the participants. In the case of relative functional rest, "impaired fasting glucose" was detected in 1 out of the 27 participants (or 3.7%). During mental work in 13 blood samples out of 80 samples taken - 16.3±4.2% of cases (t=3.881, p<0.001) glucose level exceeded the upper limit of normoglycemia and corresponded to the criterion of "impaired fasting glucose" (9 samples) or "diabetes" (4 samples). During mental - 37.0±9.5% (t=3.895, p<0.001). In 4 cases during mental work on fasting, hyperglycemia reached the level of 110 mg/dL, which corresponds to the criterion of "diabetes" according to the classification of the World Health Organization. However, the glucose tolerance test did not reveal diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. This indicates that when determining the fasting plasma glucose, it is important to standardize conditions to avoid the influence of hyperglycemic effects, such as mental activity on fasting. The obtained evidences suggest the need to consider human functional state when assessing glucose content of capillary blood glucose.
Key words: глюкоза, гликемия, сахарный диабет, функциональное состояние, glucose, glycemia, diabetes, functional state
NEW IMMUNE MODULATOR AND ADAPTOGENIC TREKREZAN AS A DRUG FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
Shabanov P.D., Mokrenko E.V.
UDC: 616.988.5-001.18-097-084-085.37:615.37:615.771.7
Abstract: Pharmacological properties of a new Russian drug trekrezan chemically oxyethylammonium methylphenoxyacetate are described in the paper. Trekrezan was shown to possess adaptogenic, immune stimulating, energy stabilizing (antiasthenic), reparative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitoxic activity. It should be qualified as a slightly toxic drug. The new data on interferonogenic properties of trekrezan are represented too. Within first hours following intraperitoneal administration of trekrezan α-interferon is produced preferably, than in 24 hours γ-interferon begins to produce. Trekrezan was shown in experimental conditions to strengthen the action of other immune modulators especially in inflammatory processes. The molecular mechanisms of trekrezan mechanism of action are observed in detail.
Key words: трекрезан, фармакологические свойства, механизм действия, иммуномодуляция, воспаление, интерфероногенез, trekrezan, pharmacological properties, mechanism of action, immune modulation, inflammation, interferonogenesis
INTERFERONS IN MODERN PHARMACOTHERAPY
Schevruk A.N., Vdovichenko V.P., Bronskaya G.M., Hrebtova O.M., Mahankova T.V.
UDC: 615.37
Abstract: Modern data concerning basic pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of interferons as well as data on clinical trials which prove benefits and clinical value of interferons α, β, γ are presented in the paper.
Key words: интерфероны, фармакологические свойства, клиническое применение, interferons, pharmacologic properties, clinical use
SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF GLUCOSE TUBULAR REABSORPTION AS NEW TREND OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PHARMACOTHERAPY
Reshedko G.K., Khaykina E.V.
UDC: 615.252.349
Abstract: The article reviews the clinical pharmacology, efficacy and safety of a new class of antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: oral selective inhibitors of glucose tubular reabsorption (gliflozins).
Key words: type 2 diabetes mellitus, сахарный диабет 2-го типа, канальцевая реабсорбция, ингибиторы натрий-глюкозного котранспортера, глифлозины, tubular reabsorption, sodium-glucose transporter inhibitors, giflozins
CASE OF DIROFILARIASIS IN THE SMOLENSK REGION
Kiryushenkova V.V., Labuzov D.S., Tarasov A.A., Haikova O.M.
UDC: 616.995.1
Abstract: Information on the etiology and epidemiology of the rare helminthic invasion dirofilariasis is considered in the article. The clinical case of this disease in the territory of the Smolensk region is described. The difficulties of the diagnosis are visible.
Key words: дирофиляриоз, гельминт, инвазия, dirofilariasis, helminth, invasion
ANALYSIS OF TYPICALITY OF EFFECTS OF HABITUAL INTOXICATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Kuzmenkov A.Y., Nedzimovskaya D.V., Matuskov M.A.
UDC: 178.1+178.7
Abstract: The article presents the results of the analysis on the impact of questioning habitual intoxication (alcohol and tobacco) patients in the Pulmonology Department of the "Clinical Hospital N 1" of Smolensk (n=30 people) with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The influence of gender on the tag structure of typical effects of habitual intoxication was studied. Men characteristically smoking immediately after awakening (p<0.05), preferring cigarettes "heavy" (p<0.05), did not limit smoking (p<0.05). Women typically refraining from smoking in prohibited areas (p<0.05), easier reject morning cigarettes (p<0.05) and smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day (p<0.05). With regard to alcohol, the men and women drink 1 time per week (p<0.05), in the company (p<0.05), do not drink beer more than three times per week (p<0.05). Unlike women men prefer one type of alcohol (p<0.05), they are characterized by the use of alcoholic beverages (p<0.05), drunk more than 200 ml. in the evening (p<0.05) and they noted improvement in their mood after alcohol consumption (p<0.05).
Key words: привычные интоксикации, курение, алкоголизм, ХОБЛ, habitual intoxication, smoking, alcoholism, COPD
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ANTIMICROBIAL GENERICS FOR PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
Tsyuman Yu.P., Farashchuk N.F.
UDC: 615.33
Abstract: The world tendency of generics wide use draws a particular attention to their quality and efficacy. Sale of generics preparations in Russia has sharply increased for the last 5 years. Certain differences in the number of physical and chemical properties of the reproduced preparations from the original medication and from each other are often observed. The issue of antibiotics quality which constitute the most numerous group of medical preparations, is of special interest as a significant part of antimicrobial preparations is manufactured for parenteral administration, but the study of bioavailability is not currently carried out. For such forms of medications, it is of prime necessity to reveal microbial contamination, foreign particles, waste products, solvent residual and pollution with inorganic substances, because all these impurities can be a potential threat for the health of the patient.
Key words: генерики и бренды, эффективность, качество, примеси в антибиотиках, generics and brands, efficacy, quality, impurities in antibiotics
METHODICAL APPROACHES TO DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCIES FORMING UNDER COMPETENT APPROACH DURING STUDENTS TRAINING PROCESS
Platonov I.A., Anaschenkova T.A.
UDC: 61:378.661(07.07)
Abstract: The essay is dedicated to one of the topical issues of higher professional education at the modern stage - the creation of methods and tools for objective assessment of the level of key competencies boosting. The aim of the essay is to develop a methodological approach to the assessment of the level of the dynamic formation of key competencies. To achieve this aim it is supposed to search for a mathematical tool of the assessment of the level of key competencies formation of a student and its implementing in a particular multitude (the test results of students in the learning process at the department). To collect, group and evaluate the information the retrospective and prospective analyses have been used. Grouped data represent matrixes that were treated with conventional methods of dealing with matrixes. Work material for the study was the test results of the 2-3 year students of the Faculty of Dental Pharmacology in the course of 2007 up to 2013. The results obtained show that not all the students managed to acquire a sufficient level of competence during the third year of training. At the same time there are considerable variations of this process during the study of the discipline. The represented methods of retrospective and prospective analyses with the help of a mathematical tool of the assessment of the level of key competencies formation gives quite accurate and objective assessment of labor intensiveness in the competence formation, in the acquisition of knowledge and skills acquisition.
Key words: метод ретроспективного и проспективного анализа, матрица оценки компетентностей, коэффициенты полноты достижения компетентности, method of retrospective and prospective analysis, assessment competencies matrix, completeness coefficients of competencies achievement
PROFESSOR N.B.KOZLOV – THE 90th ANNIVERSARY
UDC: 577.1(092)
Abstract: The article devoted to the 90th anniversary of prof. N.B.Kozlov